Just south of the Olympic Mountains of western Washington, the Refugian stage of Schenck and Kleinpell and the Zemorrian stage of Kleinpell comprise a continuous sequence about 9,000 feet thick. These strata locally constitute the Lincoln Creek Formation, known throughout the Grays Harbor basin of western Washington. Rocks of the Refugian stage are divided into the Sigmomorphina schencki zone and Cassidulina galvinensis zone, which are also known throughout the basin, although the latter originally was named the Eponides kleinpelli zone. Because the foraminiferal composition of the Zemorrian strata is so nearly similar throughout, they are subdivided locally in only a general way and are informally termed the upper and lower zones of the stage.

Foraminifera from both the Refugian and Zemorrian strata suggest that the environment of deposition was reasonably uniform in a cool to cold open sea at upper bathyal to possible lower neritic depths.

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