The area covered by this review encompasses the countries of the Fertile Crescent, extending from southern Iraq through southeast Turkey and Syria to the Mediterranean coast and Sinai. Thus far only Iraq is a major petroleum producer, with enormous proven and potential oil reserves. Syria, however, is emerging as an important potential oil and gas producer with rapidly growing reserves. Southeast Turkey, containing that country's only important petroleum basin, is a relatively modest producer but has potential in deeper Paleozoic targets. The remaining countries (Jordan and Israel) are either minor producers or have no established production (Lebanon). The history of petroleum exploration and the petroleum habitat of this region, including source, reservoir, and seal formations in the different sub-basins are discussed. The tectonic evolution affecting the structuring and trap formation are touched upon, together with a review of the principal fields and potential plays.

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