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The AAPG/Datapages Combined Publications Database
Houston Geological Society Bulletin
Abstract
Abstract: Sequence Stratigraphy and 3D
Modeling
of a Pennsylvanian
Distally Steepened Ramp Reservoir: Canyon and Cisco
Formations, South Dagger Draw Field, New Mexico, USA
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By
1Bureau of Economic Geology
2Marathon Oil Company
3LithoLogic
Three-dimensional geologic models are often described as
"products" of the reservoir characterization process, when
in fact they might better be considered "tools" for reservoir
management. For a 3D geologic model to be used as a reservoir
management tool, it must be a reasonably accurate representation
of the rock and fluid system in the earth volume of interest.
Integrated 3D geologic modeling
is a highly iterative, hierarchical
process. Each step of the workflow builds and is dependent upon
prior steps. Each data type used in reservoir characterization
results from a unique experiment measuring different volumes
of rock. Sophisticated, calculation-intensive algorithms,
designed to run on powerful hardware systems, are now available
to help integrate these different data types. However, hardware
and software are only tools, and effective 3D reservoir
modeling
must involve an iterative process of geological
interpretation, petrophysical analysis,
seismic
processing and
inversion, and the application of mathematical algorithms. The
iterative reservoir characterization process involves several
significant challenges, including defining and adhering to a
reasonable workflow, handling multiple data types to fill the
interwell volume with petrophysical data that describe reservoir
behavior accurately, and testing the 3D model interpretation.
South Dagger Draw field is presented as a case study to demonstrate
our reservoir characterization workflow. South Dagger
Draw is a Pennsylvanian reservoir located in southeast New
Mexico. It produces from vuggy porosity formed along fractures
and dominantly in algal mound complexes located at the ramp
margin. A detailed sequence-stratigraphic interpretation of logs,
cores, predicted facies, and 3D acoustic impedance data, guided
by a depositional model derived from description of cores and
outcrops, defined a series of complex sigmoid-oblique prograding
clinoforms. This stratigraphic framework is the input for 3D
geologic modeling
.
Seismic
and log data were integrated into a 3D geologic model
using a new approach based on rock physics rather than geostatistics.
The approach recognizes that acoustic impedance (AI)
values, derived from accurate, iterative inversions of 3D
seismic
data, represent the only true measurements of the complete
earth volume of interest. Therefore, instead of treating the A1
measurements as "soft" data and conditioning the model results
to the limited earth sample measured by well logs, the A1 data
are treated as valid, and the log data are conditioned to the
seismic
using nonlinear rock and fluid physical equations. The
result is a 3D geologic model that acknowledges the error and
scale differences inherent in the subsurface data (core description,
core analysis, wireline logs, and 3D
seismic
) and attempts
to integrate the data on the basis of physical principles, and
provides a forward
modeling
approach to test the result.
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