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Abstract

(Begin page 433)

AAPG Bulletin, V. 86, No. 3 (March 2002), P. 433-456.

Copyright ©2002. The American Association of Petroleum Geologists. All rights reserved.

The effective source rocks in the Cambay basin, India

A. Banerjee,1 S. Pahari,2 M. Jha,3 A. K. Sinha,4 A. K. Jain,5 N. Kumar,6 N. J. Thomas,7 K. N. Misra,8 K. Chandra9

1Geochemistry Division, Keshava Deva Malaviya Institute of Petroleum Exploration, Oil and Natural Gas Corporation Limited, Kaulagarh Road, Dehradun, India; email: [email protected]
2Geochemistry Division, Keshava Deva Malaviya Institute of Petroleum Exploration, Oil and Natural Gas Corporation Limited, Kaulagarh Road, Dehradun, India
3Geochemistry Division, Keshava Deva Malaviya Institute of Petroleum Exploration, Oil and Natural Gas Corporation Limited, Kaulagarh Road, Dehradun, India
4Geochemistry Division, Keshava Deva Malaviya Institute of Petroleum Exploration, Oil and Natural Gas Corporation Limited, Kaulagarh Road, Dehradun, India
5Geochemistry Division, Keshava Deva Malaviya Institute of Petroleum Exploration, Oil and Natural Gas Corporation Limited, Kaulagarh Road, Dehradun, India
6Geochemistry Division, Keshava Deva Malaviya Institute of Petroleum Exploration, Oil and Natural Gas Corporation Limited, Kaulagarh Road, Dehradun, India
7Geochemistry Division, Keshava Deva Malaviya Institute of Petroleum Exploration, Oil and Natural Gas Corporation Limited, Kaulagarh Road, Dehradun, India
8Geochemistry Division, Keshava Deva Malaviya Institute of Petroleum Exploration, Oil and Natural Gas Corporation Limited, Kaulagarh Road, Dehradun, India
9Geochemistry Division, Keshava Deva Malaviya Institute of Petroleum Exploration, Oil and Natural Gas Corporation Limited, Kaulagarh Road, Dehradun, India

AUTHORS

A. Banerjee holds a master's degree in chemistry and a postgraduate diploma in management and is a Microsoft Certified Professional in the application of VB6. He joined Oil and Natural Gas Corporation (ONGC) in 1982. He has worked on various aspects of petroleum geochemistry and, from 1992 to 1995, as a drilling fluid engineer in Assam, India. He has special interest in the use of computers in geoscience.

S. Pahari received his master's degree in chemistry 1984 and an M. Tech degree in material science in 1989. Since joining ONGC in 1985, he has worked on the formulation of drilling fluids and quality control of injection water and formation fluids. He joined the Source Rock Geochemistry lab of Keshava Deva Malaviya Institute of Petroleum Exploration (KDMIPE) in 1997 and, since then, has worked on various aspects of petroleum geochemistry.

Mamta Jha received her master's degree in organic chemistry in 1986. Since 1989, she has specialized in oil, water, and mud chemical testing and source rock geochemistry. Her current research interests include the study of petroleum systems and quantitative geochemical prospect appraisal techniques.

A. K. Sinha received his master's degree in organic chemistry in 1983. Since 1985, he has worked in the formulation of drilling fluids, formation fluids testing, cement slurry design, source rock geochemistry, and gas hydrates. His research interests include oil-source correlation, source rock characterization, evaluation, and hydrocarbon generation modeling. Recently he has published a review on the geochemistry of gas hydrates.

A. K. Jain holds a master's degree in chemistry and an M. Tech degree in analytical chemistry. Since joining ONGC in 1985 he has specialized in pressure-volume-temperature studies and geochemistry. His current interests include source rock evaluation and oil-source correlation. He has published a spreadsheet program to optimize kinetic parameters.

Narendra Kumar received his master's degree in chemistry in 1984. Since then he has worked in the fields of work over fluids and testing of formation fluids and oil well cements and additives. He joined the Source Rock Geochemistry lab of KDMIPE in 1998, and his current interests include reservoir geochemistry.

N. J. Thomas has a master's degree in chemistry and heads the Geochemistry Division of KDMIPE, ONGC. Her scope of work includes planning and supervision of geochemical research, including source rock characterization, oil to oil and oil to source correlation, biomarker studies, hydrogeochemical modeling, trace element geochemistry, and geochronological studies. She is a recipient of the National Mineral Award of the Government of India for her contribution to petroleum geochemistry.

K. N. Misra holds a master's degree in chemistry. He heads the Geoscience Research Group in KDMIPE, ONGC as group general manager and oversees the application of geoscience data in petroleum exploration. He has more than 35 years' experience in the fields of oil field chemistry and petroleum geochemistry, and he introduced basin modeling in ONGC. He was awarded the National Mineral Award of the Government of India for his contributions to petroleum geochemistry.

Kuldeep Chandra, formerly executive director (R & D) at ONGC, has a master's degree in physical chemistry. He is the founding member of the geochemistry laboratories at ONGC. During his tenure of four decades at ONGC, Chandra has worked at various work centers of ONGC, introduced state-of-the-art geochemical methodologies, and groomed many scientists to cater to the requirements of geochemical data acquisition and applications. He is a recipient of the National Mineral Award of the Government of India and several other international and national awards for his contributions to geochemistry and for development of integrated petroleum exploration systems.

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

We thank V. Banerjie, Kalyan Dutta, S. Rangarajan, and the AAPG reviewers for critically evaluating the manuscript.

ABSTRACT

We evaluated the source potential of three Paleogene formations, identified the effective source rocks, and determined their maturation histories to derive exploration leads and inputs for petroleum system study. Kinetics-derived hydrocarbon expelled (HCE) values are 0-0.4, 4-16, and 16-32 t hydrocarbons (HC)/m2 for the Kalol (middle Eocene), Cambay Shale (middle Eocene-upper Paleocene), and Olpad (lower Paleocene) formations, respectively. Values are high in the south for the Kalol and Cambay Shale formations and in the north for the Olpad. Source rock (SR) data reveal six laterally extensive potential sources (PS) with kerogen type II/III in the middle Eocene-lower Paleocene. The PSs are SR4 at the base of the Kalol Formation; SR5 and SR6 at the top and middle, respectively, of the Cambay Shale Formation; SR7 and SR8/9 at the top of the Olpad Formation; and SR11/12 at the base of the Olpad Formation. In the north, SR11/12, SR8/9, and SR7 attained peak oil generation (vitrinite reflectance [Ro] ~0.75%) at 45, 5, and 1 Ma, respectively. The SR6 and SR5 attained generation threshold (0.5% Ro) recently. In the south, SR11/12, SR8/9, SR7, and SR6 attained 0.75% Ro at 50, 8, 7, and 3 Ma, respectively; SR5 and SR4 attained 0.5% Ro at 7 and 6 Ma, respectively. Chromatographic and isotope data of 108 oils and 43 PS samples show that SR7 and SR8/9 initially charged the Paleocene-middle Eocene reservoirs across the basin. Subsequently, SR6 and SR5 in the central Cambay and SR6, SR5, and SR4 in the south charged the reservoirs in their respective drainage areas.

Conventional and basin-centered accumulations in the strata between SR7 and SR8/9 that contain free hydrocarbons under pressure are likely. Hydrocarbons generated in SR11/12, possibly lost in axial areas, may exist at margins.

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