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Abstract

AAPG Bulletin, V. 95, No. 10 (October 2011), P. 17251744.

Copyright copy2011. The American Association of Petroleum Geologists. All rights reserved.

DOI:10.1306/02221110094

Overpressure and mudrock compaction in the Lower Kutai Basin, Indonesia: A radical reappraisal

Agus M. Ramdhan,1 Neil R. Goulty2

1Department of Earth Sciences, Durham University, South Road, Durham DH1 3LE, United Kingdom; present address: Department of Geology, Institut Teknologi Bandung, Jl. Ganesha 10, Bandung 40132, Indonesia; [email protected]
2Department of Earth Sciences, Durham University, South Road, Durham DH1 3LE, United Kingdom; [email protected]

ABSTRACT

Lateral drainage and high temperatures in the shelfal area of the Lower Kutai Basin provide an exceptional opportunity to study compaction of Miocene mudrocks and overpressure generation. Previous workers agreed that the principal mechanism of overpressure generation is disequilibrium compaction, but sonic and resistivity logs in several fields display reversals at a transition zone into high overpressure, indicating that overpressure is generated by unloading processes. The transition zone coincides with the vitrinite reflectance threshold for gas generation. Extreme overpressures in some wells are associated with reversals on density logs too, interpreted to result from opening cracks.

The density-depth trends through the mudrocks are similar in all wells and independent of overpressure until extreme overpressures are encountered. This observation strongly suggests that porosity reduction is controlled by chemical compaction and that cementation has caused the mudrocks to become overcompacted, relative to the prevailing effective stress, at burial depths of approximately 3 km (1.9 mi) where the top of overpressure is encountered. Hence, the Lower Kutai Basin contains a unique reported example, to date, of a Neogene succession in which high overpressures are generated by unloading processes with no contribution from disequilibrium compaction.

Density logs from the Peciko field have been used to derive the empirical porosity-depth trend phis = 0.434eminus0.164z for mudrocks in the depth range 6000 to 15,000 ft (1800 to 4600 m), where z is depth in thousands of feet. The corresponding temperature range is 85 to 170degC, so this compaction curve applies for mudrocks in the chemical compaction regime, where no discrete smectite is present.

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