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Abstract

AAPG Bulletin, V. 101, No. 11 (November 2017), P. 1767-1789.

Copyright ©2017. The American Association of Petroleum Geologists. All rights reserved. Green Open Access. This paper is published under the terms of the CC-BY license.

DOI: 10.1306/02071716090

Three-dimensional fault geometries and interactions within experimental models of multiphase extension

Martha Oliver Withjack,1 Alissa A. Henza,2 and Roy W. Schlische3

1Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, 610 Taylor Road, Piscataway, New Jersey 08854; [email protected]
2Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, 610 Taylor Road, Piscataway, New Jersey 08854; present address: Statoil Gulf Services LLC, 2107 City West Blvd, Houston, Texas, 77042; [email protected]
3Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, 610 Taylor Road, Piscataway, New Jersey 08854; [email protected]

ABSTRACT

We use experimental (analog) models to examine the three-dimensional (3-D) fault geometries and interactions that develop during two phases of noncoaxial extension. In the models, a homogeneous layer of wet clay undergoes two phases of extension whose directions differ by 45°. The resulting fault pattern varies significantly with depth. At shallow levels, second-Previous HitphaseNext Hit normal faults accommodate most second-Previous HitphaseNext Hit extension. At depth, both second-Previous HitphaseNext Hit normal faults and reactivated, first-Previous HitphaseNext Hit faults with oblique slip accommodate most second-Previous HitphaseNext Hit extension. A variety of interactions occurs between first-Previous HitphaseNext Hit and second-Previous HitphaseNext Hit faults. One interaction involves the upward propagation of second-Previous HitphaseNext Hit faults from tips of reactivated, blind, first-Previous HitphaseNext Hit faults. These hybrid faults have deep segments that strike subperpendicular to the first-Previous HitphaseNext Hit extension direction and shallow segments whose strike varies with depth, becoming increasingly subperpendicular to the second-Previous HitphaseNext Hit extension direction at shallow levels. A second interaction involves the nucleation of second-Previous HitphaseNext Hit normal faults on the surfaces of reactivated, first-Previous HitphaseNext Hit faults. These splay faults propagate upward and laterally from their nucleation sites into the hanging walls of the first-Previous HitphaseNext Hit faults. As they propagate, they commonly encounter and link with different first-Previous HitphaseNext Hit faults. The resulting composite faults have zigzag geometries in both map and cross-sectional views. A third interaction involves either the termination of second-Previous HitphaseNext Hit antithetic normal faults against or near first-Previous HitphaseNext Hit faults or the offset of first-Previous HitphaseNext Hit faults by second-Previous HitphaseTop antithetic normal faults. The 3-D fault patterns and interactions within our models closely resemble those within the Taranaki basin of offshore New Zealand and Milne Point on Alaska’s North Slope.

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