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The AAPG/Datapages Combined Publications Database

Environmental Geosciences (DEG)

Abstract

Environmental Geosciences, V. 12, No. 2 (June 2005), P. 65-72.

Copyright copy2005. The American Association of Petroleum Geologists/Division of Environmental Geosciences. All rights reserved.

DOI:10.1306/eg.11160404044

Oil field-produced water discharges into wetlands: Benefits and risks to wildlife

Pedro Ramirez Jr.

U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, 4000 Airport Parkway, Cheyenne, Wyoming 82001; [email protected]

AUTHORS

Pedro Ramirez Jr. is an environmental contaminants specialist with the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service in Cheyenne, Wyoming. Ramirez has worked on contaminant issues associated with oil field produced water for 14 years. He has also conducted studies on selenium in aquatic and terrestrial communities and on oil-refinery process water ponds.

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

Thanks are extended to Kim Dickerson, U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, for her assistance with field work. Thanks also go to the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Region 8 Oil and Gas Environmental Assessment Team and the U.S. Bureau of Land Management, Wyoming Department of Environmental Quality, and Wyoming Oil and Gas Conservation Commission field staff that participated in the field inspections.

ABSTRACT

Wyoming is one of a few states that allow the discharge of produced water from oil fields into surface waters for beneficial use by livestock and wildlife. Oil field discharges of produced water create wetlands that provide habitat for aquatic migratory birds and other wildlife. Wetlands surveyed in Wyoming from 1996 to 1999 showed that inefficient oil-water separation contributed to the discharge of oil into some wetlands receiving produced water. Over 62% of the sites surveyed had inadequate measures to exclude wildlife, particularly migratory birds, from entering skim pits used to separate oil from produced water. The risk of oil discharges into wetlands can be reduced significantly by proper maintenance of equipment used to separate oil from produced water; immediate removal of oil from production skim pits or tanks to prevent overflow into the receiving wetlands; installation of secondary or tertiary containment ponds or tanks to capture any oil accidentally discharged from the primary or secondary pits or tanks; or construction of wetland-based treatment systems for removing metals, radionuclides, and hydrocarbons from the produced water prior to discharge into natural wetlands. Wildlife mortality in skim pits can be prevented using closed containment systems, eliminating pits or keeping oil off open pits or ponds, or using effective and proven wildlife exclusionary devices.

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