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The AAPG/Datapages Combined Publications Database

AAPG Special Volumes

Abstract

AAPG/Datapages Discovery Series No. 7, Multidimensional Basin Modeling, Chapter 7: Pore-Pressure-Dependent Fracture Permeability in Fault Zones: Implications for Cross-Formational Previous HitFluidNext Hit Flow, by Nunn, J. A., p. 89–103.

AAPG/Datapages Discovery Series No. 7: Multidimensional Basin Modeling, edited by S. Duppenbecker and R. Marzi, 2003

7. Pore-Pressure-Dependent Fracture Permeability in Fault Zones: Implications for Cross-Formational Previous HitFluidNext Hit Flow

Jeffrey A. Nunn
Department of Geology and Geophysics, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana, U.S.A.

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

This research was supported by National Science Foundation grant EAR-9805459 and the Global Basins Research Network. Constructive comments by James Iliffe and an anonymous reviewer greatly improved the manuscript.

ABSTRACT

Expulsion of geopressured fluids along and/or across fault zones has been proposed as an important transport process in sedimentary basins. A variety of phenomena, including hydrocarbon migration, pressure, temperature and salinity distribution, mud volcanoes, and active vent sites, could be influenced by this mechanism. I present results of numeric simulations for Previous HitfluidNext Hit flow along and across a schematic growth fault that has a strong pore-pressure-dependent permeability related to microfractures. The results from these simulations are compared with model simulations in which the fault is either impermeable or has a permeability based on the relative proportions of sand and clay within the deformation zone (clay smear model). If initial Previous HitfluidNext Hit pressure is high and thus effective stress is low, then a relatively long period (hundreds of years) of moderate Previous HitfluidNext Hit velocity Previous HitfluidNext Hit flow results. At first, only the lower part of the fault where Previous HitfluidNext Hit pressures are near lithostatic is hydrologically open. However, upward transport of Previous HitfluidNext Hit raises pore Previous HitfluidNext Hit pressures and opens the upper part of the fault. Significant cross-formational Previous HitfluidNext Hit flow occurs at this time, and in some instances, the flow direction in the sands adjacent to the fault zone reverses direction. Eventually, pore Previous HitfluidNext Hit pressure decreases, effective stress increases, and fracture permeability collapses starting from the bottom of the fault. All or part of the fault becomes a barrier to subsequent Previous HitfluidNext Hit flow. If initial regional Previous HitfluidNext Hit pressure is low and thus effective stress is high, then only the lower part of the fault is open, and upward Previous HitfluidNext Hit flow is insufficient to raise excess Previous HitfluidNext Hit pressures enough to open the entire fault. Cross-formational Previous HitfluidNext Hit flow is inhibited. Finally, I ran Previous HitfluidNext Hit-flow simulations with elevated Previous HitfluidNext Hit pressure within the fault zone itself. Generation of this additional Previous HitfluidNext Hit pressure is presumed to be caused by ductile shear or some other process during active fault movement but is not explicitly computed in the simulations. Elevated pore Previous HitfluidNext Hit pressure in the fault zone can produce short bursts (duration of years) of rapid, kilometer-scale vertical transport along fault zones. During these short expulsion events, Previous HitfluidNext Hit movement is mostly upward along the fault zone and then lateral into stratigraphically higher sands. After the short burst of Previous HitfluidNext Hit expulsion, these simulations follow a similar Previous HitfluidNext Hit-flow history to model simulations without elevated pore Previous HitfluidNext Hit pressure in the fault zone. All simulations show that fault zones must remain barriers to Previous HitfluidTop flow during most of their history, or geopressures would dissipate within tens of thousands of years.

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