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Abstract
DOI:10.1306/1209860M873262
The Vocontian Aptian and Albian Syndepositional Clastic Sills and Dikes: A Field-based Mechanical Approach to Predict and Model the Early Fracturing of Marly-limy Sediments
Olivier Parize,1 Bernard Beaudoin,2 Sylvain Eckert,3 Faouzi Hadj-Hassen,4 Michel Tijani,5 Chantal de Fouquet,6 Rosalie Vandromme7 G
rard Fri
s,8 Frdric Schneider,9 Kun Su,10 Alain Trouiller,11
rard Fris,8 Frdric Schneider,9 Kun Su,10 Alain Trouiller,111
cole Nationale Sup
rieure des Mines de Paris, Fontainebleau, France
2cole Nationale Suprieure des Mines de Paris, Fontainebleau, France
3cole Nationale Suprieure des Mines de Paris, Fontainebleau, France; present address: AREVA-COGEMA, Vlizy, France
4cole Nationale Suprieure des Mines de Paris, Fontainebleau, France
5cole Nationale Suprieure des Mines de Paris, Fontainebleau, France
6cole Nationale Suprieure des Mines de Paris, Fontainebleau, France
7cole Nationale Suprieure des Mines de Paris, Fontainebleau, France
8Institut Fran
ais du Ptrole, Rueil-Malmaison, France
9BEICIP-FRANLAB, Rueil-Malmaison, France
10Agence Nationale pour la Gestion des Dchets Radioactifs (ANDRA), Ch
tenay-Malabry, France
11Agence Nationale pour la Gestion des Dchets Radioactifs (ANDRA), Chtenay-Malabry, France
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
The results presented in this study have been obtained since 1982 in the frame of the Ecole des Mines de Paris research programs: the GeneBass Project with the support of Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, ELF, and Total (1983–1986); specific sponsoring of Andra (French National Agency for Radioactive Waste Management) (1982–1988); and the scientific partnership MinAndra between Andra and Ecole des Mines de Paris (1999–2003). We thank R. Andr-Jhan (Andra) for his determining support for the Early Fracturing Project.
R. Bouchet, Ch. Cabrol, S. Eckert, S. Lalande, B. Paternoster, F. Schneider (students, Ecole des Mines de Paris), J. Maillart, B. Pinoteau, V. Truyol, and R. Vandromme (Ph.D. students, Ecole des Mines de Paris) collaborated in the fieldwork as part of their respective degree courses. Ph. Joseph, C. R. Garcia, D. Mercier, and F. Pons have participated in the analysis of the Bevons and Rosans outcrops. G. Vouille and B. Charlet have participated in the mechanical simulations. Special thanks are also due to M. Berger, F. Landri, and Ph. Le Ca
r for their technical support.
We thank all the participants of Vocontian field trips, workshops, or training, in particular postdoctoral students of Injectites Group (Aberdeen and Cardiff universities), N. Mavilla and R. Valentinetti (Agip), M. Shahly (BP), C. Puigdef
bregas (Barcelona University), G. Ollier (CEE-DG XII), D. Besson, N. Fiet (Paris–Orsay University), R. Hill (ExxonMobil), J.-M. Fonck (Georex), J. Totterdell (Geoscience Australia), O. J. Martinsen (Norsk Hydro), J. C. Faug
res, A. Viana (Petrobras), H. L
seth (Statoil), 
G. P. Allen, D. Claude, Ph. Crumeyrolle, P. Datillo, Y. Grosjean, D. Laurier, Ph. Legrand, R. Martin, E. Ousset, J. Pouzet, F. Rodot, M. Sullivan, F. Temple, and J. Vittori (Total) for their advice, constructive comments, and exchanges of opinion.
We also express our gratitude to G. Ollier and J. Schleifer for their helpful suggestions to an earlier version; to the two reviewers, S. Horseman and M. Sintubin, for their constructive comments that improved the quality of the study; to A.-I. Beaudoin for her considerable improvement of the first English version; and J. Cartwright and A. Hurst for their determined support.
ABSTRACT
Shaly formations are the focus of many research programs and consortia sponsored by petroleum companies and/or waste management organizations; given that they act as seals for oil- or gas-bearing reservoirs or as host rock for underground waste disposals, their integrity (e.g., the possible presence of water-bearing fractures) is a critical factor in risk assessment. To model their rheological properties through time, the observed clastic injectites are used as markers of their mechanical evolution.
Aptian–Albian marly formations of the Vocontian Basin (southeast France) are the basis of this study; massive turbidite systems associated with large-scale clastic injectite networks have been described in exceptional outcrops. Field data have permitted the identification of early fracturing in the host formation; the injection of sand is an early event, contemporaneous with the deposition of massive sand bodies. The paleocompaction curve has been calculated, and the porosity evolution of the sediments has been restored from sea floor to about 500 m (1640 ft) burial. Then, the original configuration of dikes can be reconstituted.
Boundary conditions of various numerical modeling have been derived from this extensive reliable data set. Numerical static simulations of the behavior of marly formations are presented, testing the possible function of heterogeneous lithology, bedrock geometry, or loading by sudden massive sand deposition; they indicate that early fracturing is physically possible in the presented scenarios. The next step will be to simulate in dynamic conditions the opening and filling of some of these cracks by hydrofracturing.
We dedicate this chapter to the memory of our colleague and friend, Stephen T. Horseman.
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