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Abstract

Chan, M., D. Netoff, R. Blakey, G. Kocurek, and W. Alvarez, 2007, Clastic-injection pipes and syndepositional deformation structures in Jurassic eolian deposits: Examples from the Colorado Plateau, in A. Hurst and J. Cartwright, eds., Sand injectites: Implications for hydrocarbon exploration and production: AAPG Memoir 87, p. 233-244.

DOI:10.1306/1209867M871350

Copyright copy2007. The American Association of Petroleum Geologists.

Clastic-injection Pipes and Syndepositional Deformation Structures in Jurassic Eolian Deposits: Examples from the Colorado Plateau

Marjorie Chan,1 Dennis Netoff,2 Ronald Blakey,3 Gary Kocurek,4 Walter Alvarez5

1Department of Geology and Geophysics, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, U.S.A.
2Department of Geography and Geology, Sam Houston State University, Huntsville, Texas, U.S.A.
3Department of Geology, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, Arizona, U.S.A.
4Department of Geological Sciences, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas, U.S.A.
5Department of Earth and Planetary Science, University of California, Berkeley, California, U.S.A.

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

We gratefully acknowledge the comments of editor Andrew Hurst and reviewers Ken Glennie and Richard Steele that helped improve this chapter. Chan is grateful to Irv Kranzler for his field guidance and insight into clastic pipes at the Utah–Arizona border. We thank Eric Roberts for his helpful review of the manuscript in its early stages.

ABSTRACT

A remarkable range of syndepositional deformation structures are present in eolian and sabkha strata across the Colorado Plateau. In a classification based on scale and style of deformation, these structures include (1) millimeter- to centimeter-scale crinkly and contorted laminae and liquefaction structures; (2) meter-scale folded, contorted cross-strata and liquefied zones; (3) decameter-scale rotated blocks, slumps, and mass-flow deposits; and (4) bed-scale to multiformation-scale clastic pipes. These syndepositional structures record a range of brittle, hydroplastic, liquefaction, and fluidization properties of the sediment at the time of deformation. The pipes are the most enigmatic structures, and these can range from simple forms with structureless fill to complex forms with structureless fill, breccia blocks, and warping or faulting of surrounding and encasing host strata. A disproportionate abundance of syndepositional deformation structures in Jurassic strata of the Colorado Plateau is attributed to (1) the deposition and dissolution of evaporites associated with interdunes, sabkhas, and adjacent shallow seas; (2) a high water table, especially in response to adjacent marine transgressions; (3) dune progradation and loading over saturated, poorly consolidated, marine, and sabkha substrates; and (4) the interbedding of mobile sabkha deposits with bedded and laminated eolian sands capable of recording the overpressurization and deformation of sabkha and eolian deposits. External triggering events may have included catastrophic flooding events, bolide impacts, and seismicity. The range of deformation structures has important implications for understanding syndepositional processes. Furthermore, these studies have applications to interpreting the interconnections of high-permeable injectite conduits across multibed to multiformational scales.

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