The term “beef” describes bedding-parallel calcite veins found commonly in the organic-rich matrix of unconventional resource plays. Although some authors have interpreted beef to be an early diagenetic feature, these calcite veins are commonly attributed to precipitation at high temperatures and localized overpressure during hydrocarbon generation. The temperature at which the beef formed is thus crucial to ascertain the process of beef genesis. We use the novel methodology of clumped isotope analysis to constrain both the temperature at which beef forms and the isotopic composition of fluids present during formation.

For this study, we use beef from basinal sections of the Vaca Muerta Formation in the Neuquén Basin, where veins are commonly up to approximately 10 cm (∼4 in.) thick and are laterally continuous over 1 km (0.6 mi). The calcite veins occur in isolation or in association with concretions and ash layers. Sequence stratigraphic boundaries have little influence on distribution, and only a low correlation between beef and total organic content or beef and ash layers exists. The internal crystal structure of beef varies largely, suggesting both syntaxial and antitaxial growth forms. The δ¹⁸O values of beef range from approximately −12‰ to −9‰, and the δ¹³C values vary between approximately −1‰ and 1‰. The surrounding mudstone and concretion fracture fills (calcite) show little difference isotopically when compared to the beef itself. The δ¹⁸O values of nearby concretions range from approximately −3.5‰ to 1‰, and the δ¹³C values vary between approximately 6‰ and 11‰.

Clumped isotope analysis of beef in the Vaca Muerta Formation indicates temperatures between approximately 140°C and 195°C, whereas the surrounding mudstones vary from approximately 120°C to 150°C. The corresponding formation fluid δ¹⁸O_w values range from 8.5 to 14.5‰. These temperature data are higher than the maximum temperatures suggested by published studies modeling the basin’s thermal and burial histories. If these models are correct, the clumped isotope data indicate that the growth of beef in the Vaca Muerta Formation required the input of hydrothermal fluids from greater depths. Alternatively, the geothermal gradient or burial depth was underestimated in these models.