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The AAPG/Datapages Combined Publications Database
Journal of Sedimentary Research (SEPM)
Abstract
Constraints on Eolian Grain Flow Dynamics Through Laboratory Experiments on Sand Slopes
Richard R. McDonald (*), Robert S. Anderson
ABSTRACT
Our grain flows were typically 2 m long by 20 cm wide, and slightly
less than 1 cm thick. The surface velocities at the toe were
15 cm/s, increased to
20 cm/s at the nose, and then steadily decreased to
10 cm/s towards the tail of the flow. The longitudinal
velocity
gradients
created considerable longitudinal strain rates: the toe was in compression
with mean strain rates of order -0.1/s, while the tail was in extension
with mean strain rates of order 0.1/s. Averaged over many seconds, the
velocities were quite steady. Over shorter periods, however, distinct
velocity
fluctuations dominated the record, with variations up to 100%, and s andard
deviations 10-20% of the mean. There were both temporal and spatial correlations
in
velocity
histories of surface tracers. We interpret spatial correlations
to reflect fixed topographic perturbations at the self-defined bottom boundary,
or ramps, and temporal correlations to indicate coherent regions within
the flow, or rafts. Ramps were more common than rafts. The longitudinal
length scales of these features may be up to many times the thickness of
the flow, and endure up to two seconds. Based on the average
velocity
and
the magnitude of the
velocity
response to perturbations at the bed, the
slightly rate-dependent Coulomb rheological model proposed by Savage and
Hutter (1991) best describes the general behavior of these flows.
Grain flows stop when the toe either thins below a critical thickness or reaches the toe of the slope. The thickness of the nose of a grain flow is controlled by a combination of gradients in longitudinal volume flux and volume losses to the levees at the edge of the flow. The nose eventually thins sufficiently to stop. The initial spatial distribution of velocities is set by the volume flux history of the evolving scarp within the depositional bump. This sets the spatial distribution of strain within the flow, which in turn controls the thickness of the nose.
Assuming that the sizes and geometries of depositional bumps are not
a function of dune size, we expect a minimum flow thickness to occur on
dunes whose lee face length equals the natural runout length of a typical
grain flow. For dunes taller than this, grain-flow thickness should increase
because of coalescence of flow tongues at some mid-point on the lee face,
loading the mid-face region with coalescing grain-flow tongues that subsequently
fail as a single large flow.
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